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Key West lies near the end of the chain of islands known as the Florida Keys, and is
the southern-most city in the continental United States. The island-community is
located about 90 miles north of Cuba and 150 miles southwest of Miami at a latitude
of 24 degrees, 33 minutes, 5 seconds North and at a longitude of 81 degrees, 48
minutes, 14 seconds West. The island has an area of 4.2 square miles, while the
City-incorporating the northern part of neighboring Stock Island-has an area of 5.79
square miles. The City initially developed because of its proximity to the Florida
Straits, the abutting Florida Reef, strong offshore ocean currents (the Gulf Stream),
and the area's unpredictable winds, combined with a large natural deep-water harbor
and deep channels into the harbor. The Florida Straits are the northern-most sea
passage from the Gulf of Mexico to the Atlantic Ocean. For three centuries this
passage formed part of the great nautical trade route that carried ships from
Caribbean and South American ports to their European homelands. The location of
Key West serves as a gateway both to the Caribbean and between the Atlantic
Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico was recognized by the military at an early date.
Another important regional factor in the development of the City has been its
proximity to Cuba, 90 miles to the south.

History

Key West's long and colorful past begins with its European discovery in 1513 by
Ponce de Leon. The island was first known as Cayo Hueso (Isle of Bones) because it
was littered with remains from an Indian battlefield or burial ground. The name "Key
West" is the English version of the Spanish term. The first permanent occupancy in
the City occurred in 1822, complete with a small naval depot, whose purpose was to
rid the area of pirates. The presence of the U.S. Navy has been a major factor in the
growth and development of Key West ever since. The settlement was incorporated in
1828, four years after becoming the county seat of Monroe County. The City grew
and prospered, based first on fishing and salvaging ships wrecked on the nearby
reefs, and later on cigar manufacturing with Cuban refugees and imported Cuban
tobacco. Other economic activities included sponging and related commercial
functions. By 1890, Key West was the largest and richest city in Florida. However,
after the turn of the century its major industries were in decline. Little construction
was undertaken between the First and Second World Wars and the City saw a
steady decline in population between 1919 and 1935. World War II brought
prosperity back to Key West. Population more than doubled between 1940 and 1960.
Nation-wide military base closings and personnel reductions beginning in the 1960s
were major contributors to the City's second major cycle of population decline. After
recording the highest number of residents in its history in 1960, Key West
experienced over a 25 percent loss in population by 1980. The 1990 Census showed
a slight increase.

There are large numbers of buildings in the community that are near or over a
century old. The historical structures of Key West are not grand public facilities, as
churches and government buildings, but are homes and cottages-still in private
ownership-built by persons without formal architectural training. These historical
buildings are found in a 190 block ( 919 acre) area in the western end of the City.
Within the historical area are 2,580 structures containing the greatest cluster of
wooden buildings in Florida and one of the largest concentrations in the U.S.
Generally, the structures date from 1886 to 1912, but they represent the building
tradition of Key West from 1838.

The city's historical area, known as "Old Town", has a very distinctive appearance,
combining features of both New England and Bahamian building styles. The basic
features which distinguish the local architecture includes wood frame construction of
one to two-and-a-half story structures set on foundation piers about three feet above
the ground. Exterior characteristics of the buildings are peaked "tin" roofs, horizontal
wood siding, pastel shades of paint, side-hinged louvered shutters, covered porches
(or balconies, galleries, or verandas) along the fronts of the structures, and wood
lattice screens covering the area elevated by the piers. A small but striking
characteristic is the wooden balustrade and other ornamental trim present around
the porches. The neighborhoods in which these buildings are located have their own
distinctive features. These include a grid street pattern, buildings set close to each
other and to the street, a diverse mix of building sizes and heights, fences of wood
picket or wrought iron or low masonry walls, and dozens of alleys or lanes, with their
own cluster of dwellings, entering the local street system at irregular intervals.